Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay network protocol which encodes data traffic into small fixed-sized (53 byte; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) cells. It is a connection-oriented technology, in which a connection is established between the two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins.
ATM sought to resolve the [...]

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Using TCP, applications on networked hosts can create connections to one another, over which they can exchange data in packets. The protocol guarantees reliable and in-order delivery of data from sender to receiver. TCP also distinguishes [...]

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Internet Protocol (IP)
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork.
IP is a network layer protocol in the internet protocol suite and is encapsulated in a data link layer protocol (e.g., Ethernet). As a lower layer protocol, IP provides the service of communicable unique global addressing amongst computers. [...]

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OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Model or OSI Reference Model for short) is a layered abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design, developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection initiative. It is also called the OSI seven layer model.
Purpose
The OSI model divides the functions of a protocol into a [...]

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What is CSMA/CD?
CSMA/CD is a modified version of CSMA.
A scheme known as carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) governs the way the computers share the channel. This scheme is relatively simple compared to the token ring. When one computer on the network wants to send some data to another computer, the following algorithm [...]

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In computing world, a protocol is a set of instructions or rules that governs communication between two networking devices. These could be two computers or other network devices. Protocols can be implemented both by hardware and software.
A protocol may be used to define the communication behavior while a standard may be used to define the [...]

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In a Star Topology each computer is directly connected to the centralized Hub or a Switch. In this way, when computer A sends a data packet for computer B, the data flows through the Hub or Switch to which both computer A and B are connected. Different types of cables can be used in this [...]

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A bus network is a network architecture in which a set of clients are connected via a shared communications line, called a bus. There are several common instances of the bus architecture, including one in the motherboard of most computers, and those in some versions of Ethernet networks.
Bus networks are the simplest way to connect [...]

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What is Topology?
A topology is configuration of communication networks and is of two types, Physical and Logical. Physical topology refers to configuration of computers, cables, devices and mostly depends on various factors. A logical topology is a method of transmitting or passing data between workstations.
Types of Physical Topologies

Bus Network (also known as Liner Bus)
Star Topology [...]

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Frames are the format of data packets on the wire.
There are several types of Ethernet frame:

Original Ethernet Version I (no longer used)
The Ethernet Version 2 or Ethernet II frame, the so-called DIX frame (named after DEC, Intel, and Xerox), this is the most common today, as it is often used directly by the Internet Protocol.
Novell’s [...]

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